Swastik Accounting Pro.

1. System Requirement:
1. RAM = 512 MB or above.
2. O/S = Windows XP, Vist
3. a or network server.
4. Working Capacity (HDD) = Minimum 300 MB.
5. Screen Resolution = 800/600 or 1024/768
2. Structure Queries Language (SQL):
SQL is a coding structure of a database program or ASP coding language of a web          publishing, which helps user define and connect the server to run programs.
How to load SQL server?
Steps:
1. Insert required disk in to CD/ DVD drive.
2. Open set up file.
3. Click on next.
4. Click on next.
5. Type the user name and company name.
6. Click on next.
7. Choose on local area network.
8. Choose on SQL server and client.
9. Click on next.
10. Again type on user name “Administrator”.
11. Then password “blank”.
12. Click on next.
13. Finally finished then restart your personal computer.
1. SWASTIK (version 11.0):
SWASTIK is a real time accounting software. In this software we can entry both multi cash and bank related transactions then we can also entry accounting and inventory related transactions.
1. Features of SWASTIK Gold:
1. Online update.
2. It accepts multi cash and bank related transactions.
3. It also accepts multi accounting and inventory related transactions.
4. It accepts 24 months of accounting period in real on full version and 2 months in demo version.
5. To define multi and network user.
6. Security right grouping.
7. To define on additional tax, VAT and other related expenses with accounts. Etc.
How to install SWASTIK Gold?
Steps:
1. Insert required disk in to CD/DVD Drive.
2. Open back up file.
3. Choose on set up file then open it.
4. Click on next.
5. Choose on Local …. Option.
6. Clock on next.
7. Choose on custom or completed.
8. Click on next.
9. Choose on local and server …
10. Click on next.
11. Wait for processing.
12. Finally finished then restart your computer.
Then,
Default database server
User name: sa
Password: “Blank”
Click on connect or start button.
1. How to load SWASTIK Gold?
Steps:
1. Click on start button of your desktop.
2. Click or choose on program.
3. Choose on SWASTIK accounting.
4. Click on SWASTIK.
Or, directly double click on SWASTIK Gold icon on your desktop of computer.
Menus of SWASTIK Gold
1. File Menu:
This menu is useful to create company, open company, edit, log off and delete company.
1. Open:
This option is use to open created or existing company as users’ desire.
Steps:
1. Click on file menu.
2. Click on open or directly press on ctrl+O.
3. Choose your company from the list.
4. Click on open.
New:
In this option we can create new company.
Steps:
1. Click on file menu.
2. Click on new.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on starting and ending date.
5. Insert on name of company, address and other details related to company.
6. Choose on disk drive.
7. Finally click on ok.
1. Edit:
From this option we can edit company as users desire.
Steps:
1. Click on file menu.
2. Click on edit.
3. Insert on initial of your company.
4. Then you can change name, address and other information of company.
IV. Delete:
From this sub menu we can delete company and its information as users’ desire.
Steps:
1. Click on file menu.
2. Click on delete.
3. Insert on initial code of company which you want to delete.
4. Click on ok.
5. Finally click on yes, if you want to delete company.
6. Log Off:
From this sub menu we can log off our company as user.
Steps:
1. Click on file menu.
2. Click on log off.
3. Insert on user name and password.
4. Click on ok button.
1. Master Menu:
In this menu we can prepare the basic requirements of SWASTIK accounting like Account Group, Sub Group, Ledger, Sub Ledger, Item Product, Document Class, Bills term, Cost center etc. And this menu also important for insert opening balance and create narrations as users’desire. Here we can create godowns, customer, vendor, agent and area of company or firm.
1.Account Group:
Here we can prepare account group. Account group means groups of ledger, customer and vendor.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on account group.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on description.
5. Choose on group type or account type like: PL or Balance sheet.
6. Insert on Cod.
7. Finally click on ok.
1.1 Account Sub Group:
Here we can prepare account sub group. Account sub group means phage of account group.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on account sub group.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on sub group name.
5. Then choose on account group.
6. Finally click on ok.
1. Ledger:
In this option we can prepare ledger for entry. Ledger is this component which is useful in entry of transactions.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on ledger.
3. Click on ledger master.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on account name as account ledger.
6. Choose on category.
7. Insert on short name.
8. Choose on account group and sub group.
9. Choose on account type.
10. Choose on agent, area and currency.
11. Insert on credit limit and period.
12. Insert on interest rate.
13. Finally click on ok button.
1. Sub Ledger:
This option is use to create sub ledger for ledger like: staff, sub ledgers, sub groups, commission accounts etc.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on sub ledger.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on description.
5. Choose on short name and address.
6. Choose on other information related to sub ledger.
7. If it has interest rate you can insert on rate.
8. Finally click on ok button.
Product:
In this option we can create basic information and requirements related to item and product of firm or company. Here we can prepare product group, product sub group, unit of measure, product closing rate etc as our requirements.
Product Group:Here we can prepare product group. In this group there are so many products and sub group of same type of product. In a group have same natures’ goods.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on product.
3. Click on product group.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on group description.
6. Insert on short name.
7. Choose on total requires.
8. Finally click on ok button.
1. Product Sub Group:
Here we can create sub group of product. For example Soap is a group of Item/ product and bathing soap, washing soap, Detergent powder are sub group of soap.
Steps:
1. At first choose on master menu.
2. Click on Item/ Product.
3. Click on product sub group.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on sub group description.
6. Choose on main group.
7. Finally click on ok button.
1. Unit (Unit of Measure):
In this option we can prepare measurement unit of product and item as their requirements.
Steps:
1. At first click on master menu.
2. Click on Product.
3. Click on unit.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on unit code and description.
6. Finally click on ok button.
1. Item/ Product:
Here we can prepare Item/ product which depend on our daily transaction of business. Company has so many products and items.
Steps:
1. At first go on master menu.
2. Click on Product.
3. Click on item/ Product option.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on product name and short name.
6. Choose on product group and sub group.
7. Choose on unit of measure.
8. Insert on selling price and buying price as your requirements.
9. Insert on stock information like maximum stock, minimum stock, reorder level and reorder quantity.
10. Insert on bonus scheme and VAT information.
11. Finally click on ok button.
Report:
To view display report of product related requirements we can follow these steps:
Steps:
1. At first create product group, sub group, unit, product rate and item/ product.

2. Click on inventory menu.
3. Click on listing of master.
4. Choose which you want to view.
5. Choose on view and listing method.
6. Finally click on ok.
1. Product Rate:
From this option we can insert rate of item/ product as our requirements and determination.
Steps:
1. At first click on master menu.
2. Click on product.
3. Click on product rate.
4. Choose on product.
5. Insert on buying rate, selling rate and MRP rate of selected product.
6. Finally click on ok button.
Agent/ Area:
This option is use to create agents and area company.
1. Agent:
Agent means simply a mediator or middle man of company or firm. In this option we can create agents of company and firms as its requirements.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on agent/ area.
3. Click on agent.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on name and short name as your desire.
6. Insert on contact number, address and other details related to agent.
7. Choose on ledger and sub ledger.
8. Insert on commission percentage of agent.
9. Finally click on ok button.
2. Area:
Area means location of company. We can create areas of company by this option or facility.
3. Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Choose on agent/ area.
3. Choose on area.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on area name and short name.
6. Finally click on ok.
To view display report:
Steps:
1. Click on Ledger menu.
2. Click on listing of master.
3. Click on agent or area as your desire.
4. Choose on display technique.
5. Finally click on ok then you can see them.
Godowns:
This option is use to create godowns of company.
Steps:
1. At first click on master menu.
2. Click on Godowns.
3. Click on new from godown master dialog box.
4. Insert on Godowns name and short name.
5. Insert on address and contact number.
6. Insert on contact person name of godown.
7. Finally click on ok button.
To view display report:
Steps:
1. Click on inventory menu.
2. Click on listing ofmaster.
3. Click on godowns.
4. Choose on display method.
5. Finally click ok button.
Currency:
This option is use to create currencies which are use in daily transaction of company.
Steps:
1. At first go on master menu.
2. Click on currency.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on currency code and description.
5. Insert on unit like: paisa, cent etc.
6. Finally click on ok button.
To view report:
Steps:
1. Click on Ledger menu.
2. Click on listing of master.
3. Choose and click on currency.
4. Choose on display option.
5. Click on ok button.


Cost center:
This option is use to create the cost centers of company like departs, branches, plants etc.
Steps:
1. Click on master menu.
2. Click on cost center.
3. Click on new
4. Insert on cost centers name and code.
5. Insert on address, contact person and other details related to cost center.
6. Finally click on ok button.
Narration Master:
This option is use to create many narrations which are use in entry of transaction in future.
Steps:
1. At first click on master menu.
2. Choose on narration master.
3. Click on new.
4. Insert on narration.
5. Then choose on narration type.
6. Finally click on ok button.
Opening Balance:
From this option we can insert opening balance in ledger, customer, vendor and other documents.
Steps:
1. Choose on master menu.
2. After that choose on opening balance.
3. Choose on document type where you want to insert opening balance like ledger, customer, vendor etc.
4. Choose on documents from the list of specific document.
5. Insert on details and opening amount.
6. Finally click on ok.
Product Closing Rate:
This option is use to insert closing value of item/ product at the end of month or specific time period.
Steps:
1. Choose on master menu.
2. Click on product.
3. Click on product closing rate.
4. Choose on product from list.
5. Then insert closing value of item.
6. Finally click on ok.
Special Rate for Scheme:
This option is useful to create special rate for special scheme of company or firm.
Steps:
1. Choose on master menu.
2. Choose on product.
3. Click on special rate for scheme.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on scheme name, and product type like all product or only product or product group etc.
6. Insert on date or time interval.
7. Choose product discount option and other information related with product.
8. Finally click on ok.
Document Class:
From this option we can make document class. Document class is use to define transactions of different branch and divisions of company.
Steps:
1. At first click on master menu.
2. Click on document class.
3. Choose on class setup first.
4. Then tick on segments to active class creation.
5. Then again go on document class.
6. Then choose on class.
7. Click on new.
8. Insert on code as your desire.
9. Insert on description and segment.
10. Finally click on ok button.
Entry Menu:
This menu is most important menu of SWASTIK accounting because it is the center part of entry transaction. Here we can entry all types of transaction like cash and bank related transaction, sales, purchase, stock transfer, journal entries and other nominal transactions.
1. Cash/ bank voucher:
In this sub menu we can entry cash and bank related transactions like: payment, cash receive, deposit, withdraw, bank to bank transfer etc.
Steps:
1. At first choose on set up menu.
2. Then click on system control.
3. Insert and choose ledger accounts in P/l and cash, sales, purchase, inventory and miscellaneous menu.
4. Choose on entry menu.
5. Click on cash/ bank voucher.
6. Click on new.
7. Insert on voucher number and date.
8. Choose on cash and bank book.
9. Insert on cheque number and date.
10. Also choose on currency and insert on rate of currency.
11. Choose on general ledger account, receive or payment amount and narration.
12. Choose or insert on remarks.
13. Finally click on ok button.
2. Journal Voucher:
This sub menu is use to insert voucher related to other transactions. We can entry non cash transaction and nominal transaction here like: advance settle, depreciation, loan and interest, mediator transactions with customer and party.

Steps:
1. Choose on entry menu.
2. Click on journal voucher.
3. Click on new.
4. Choose on voucher type.
5. Insert on voucher number and date.
6. Choose on document class, currency and rate.
7. Choose on general ledger, Debit and credit amount then narration.
8. Insert on remarks.
9. Then click on ok button.
Bill term:
This option is use to define cost, vat, tax, discount and other expenses related to sales and purchase.
1. Sales:
From this icon we can create sales related bills terms like tax, vat, discount etc.
Steps:
1. At first choose on master menu.
2. Click on bill term.
3. Click on sales.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on code and description.
6. Choose on general ledger.
7. Choose on category.
8. Choose on basis, Sign then value wise or quantity wise.
9. Insert on value and rate.
10. Finally click on ok.
11. Purchase:
From this option we can create purchase related bills terms.
Steps:
1. At first choose on master menu.
2. Click on bill term.
3. Click on purchase.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on code and description.
6. Choose on general ledger, category, basic, sign and other information.
7. Insert on values and rate.
8. Finally click on ok button.
Under Entry Menu:
Purchase:
In this menu we can insert the transaction voucher related to purchase, like: purchase order, challan, return, invoice etc.


Purchase Order:
In this option we can entry the transactions related to purchase order.
Steps:
1. At first choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on purchase.
3. Click on order.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to order number and date as your desire.
6. Insert in to order acceptation no and date.
7. Choose on agent, area, vendor and class.
8. Insert in to currency and rate.
9. Choose on item, UOM, rate and other details of Item.
10. Insert in to remarks and narration.
11. Finally click on ok button.
2. Challan:
Inn this option we can entry the voucher related to receive goods from vendor or creditors. It works as received note.
Steps:
1. Choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on purchase.
3. Choose on challan.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to challan number and date.
6. Choose on quation number and date.
7. Choose on required order number, agent, area, document class, currency, rate and vendor.
8. Choose on product, UOM, rate and other information of product.
9. Insert on narration and remarks.
10. Finally click on ok button.
3. Invoice:
In this option we can create invoice of purchase.
Steps:
1. At first choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on purchase.
3. Click on invoice.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to invoice number and date.
6. Choose on required challan and date.
7. Choose on vendor, class, agent, area, currency and rate.
8. Choose on Item and information of item, like: UOM, rate etc.
9. Insert on remarks and narration.
10. Finally click on ok button.
3. Return:
In this option we can entry the transaction related to purchase return to vendor or supplier of product.


Steps:
1. Choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on purchase.
3. Click on return.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on return number and date.
6. Choose on required invoice number and date.
7. Insert in to agent, area, document class, vendor, currency and rate.
8. Insert in to product, product rate, UOM and rate.
9. Insert in to remarks and narration.
10. Click on ok button.
Sales:
In this voucher we can entry sales related transactions, like: sales order, sales challan, sales invoice, sales return etc.
1. Order:
In this voucher we can entry orders done by customer for goods sales.
Steps:
1. At first select on entry menu.
2. Choose on sales.
3. Click on order.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to order number, date, order acceptation number and date as your requirement.
6. Choose on customer, agent, class, currency and rate.
7. Choose on billing type.
8. Choose on product, UOM, Quantity and rate.
9. Insert in to remarks.
10. Finally click on ok button.
2. Challan:
In this voucher we can entry sales delivery to customer.
Steps:
1. Choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on sales.
3. Click on challan.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to challan number and date.
6. Insert in to quotation number and date.
7. Choose on existing order number.
8. Choose on customer, class, currency and rate as your requirements.
9. Choose on item, UOM, quantity and rate.
10. Choose on remarks.
11. Finally click on ok button.
3. Invoice:
In this voucher we can create sales invoice of sales activities.
Steps:
1. At first choose on entry menu.
2. Choose on sales.
3. Click on invoice.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to invoice number and date.
6. Choose on challan number and date.
7. Choose on customer, class, currency and rate.
8. Choose on product, UOM, quantity and rate.
9. Choose on remarks.
10. Finally click on ok button.

4. Return:
This voucher is use to entry sales return transactions.
Steps:
1. At first select on entry menu.
2. Choose on sales.
3. Click on return.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on credit note number and date.
6. Choose on reference bill number and date.
7. Choose on customer, agent, sub ledger, class, currency and rate.
8. Choose on product which returned by your customer.
9. Choose on UOM, quantity and rate.
10. Choose on godown price of product.
11. Insert in to narration and remarks.
12. Finally click on ok button.
5. Counter Sales Billing:
This voucher is use to entry the voucher of counter sales, like: Department store, supermarket etc.
Steps:
1. At first select on entry menu.
2. Choose on sales.
3. Click on counter sales billing.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert on sales invoice number and date.
6. Choose on counter.
7. Choose on customer and other details.
8. Choose on Pcode, Pdesc, quantity and rate.
9. Insert in to tender amount.
10. Finally click on ok button.
Stock Transfer:
From this option we can transfer stock from one godown to another godown, stock adjustment and expiry/ breakage related transactions.
1. Godown Transfer:
This is use to transfer inventory from one godown to another godown.
Steps:
1. At first select on entry menu.
2. Choose on stock transfer.
3. Click on godown transfer.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to transfer number and date.
6. Choose on source to destination godown.
7. Choose on product, godown, quantity, UOM and rate.
8. Insert in to remarks.
9. Finally click on ok button.
2. Stock Adjustment:
From this option we can adjust our stock at end of daily transaction.
Steps:
1. Select on entry menu.
2. Choose on stock transfer.
3. Click on stock adjustment.
4. Click on new.
5. Insert in to adjustment number and date.
6. Choose on document class.
7. Choose on product, godown, adjustment type, quantity, UOM and rate.
8. Insert in to remarks then click on ok button.
3. Expiry/ breakage:
In this sub menu we can adjust expire and broken item and products.
Steps:
o At first select on entry menu.
o Choose on stock transfer.
o Click on expiry/ breakage.
o Click on new.
o Insert in to expire/ breakage number and date.
o Choose on class.
o Choose on type, like: expiry, breakage.
o Choose on display mode.
o Choose on product and its details.
o Insert in remarks.
o Finally click on ok button

How to Change Destop Properties

The Desktop
Desktop is the first interface that we encounter as soon as we start the computer system that displays different icons, taskbar, and the sidebar through which we can get access to different programs and features of the computer system.

The following are different elements of Desktop:
Icons
Icons are the graphical representation of different programs files and folders by clicking on which we can get access into them.
Taskbar
Taskbar is the horizontal bar that generally appears at the bottom of the desktop. It contains the start button, date and time information, list of currently running programs and the quick launch toolbar.  It stores different task and the shortcut to different programs and features. Though it appears at the bottom by default its position can be changed to either of the sides as per our wish.
Different elements of the taskbar:
Start button:
It is the round interactive button at the left side of the taskbar with the picture of windows that provides access to all programs files and folders within the computer. It displays a pop-up menu when clicked on it which provides link (path) to different programs and features, files and folders within the computer.

Quick Launch toolbar
The quick launch toolbar is one of the toolbar contained in the taskbar that stores the shortcut to different programs, files and folders which executes in a single click. Any programs can be placed in the quick launch toolbar that must be frequently used.
Note: The programs or files that we are currently using are stored at the taskbar in minimized form.
Windows Sidebar
The windows sidebar is an interesting feature of the windows vista black edition that provides many useful gadgets like Watch, Memory and speed details, converter (temperature, length etc.) and other different features by which we can perform our task more easily and efficiently. It appears at the right side of the desktop.
How to start a Computer
Starting a computer is as simple as to turn on the Television or other electronic devices.
 First of all plug in all the devices (Monitor, CPU, speaker and other peripherials)
 Turn on the power supply
 Switch on the monitor and CPU and wait for a moment
 Supply password if it asks for
Now, you get your computer open with the desktop on the screen.

Turning off a computer
Do never close a computer directly by pressing the power button or by turning the power off. It may cause damage to the computer hardware or loss of different files and programs. Strictly follow the following steps to safely close a computer.
 Click on start button   at the taskbar.
 Then click on Shut Down command displayed in the start menu
 From the Shut Down dialog box select
 Shut down to close the entire program and turn off the computer.
 Restart to turn off the computer and start automatically.(Re-boot)
 Log off to close all the programs and go to the log on screen
 Switch Users go to log on screen without closing the programs
 Lock lock the computer
 Sleep to turn the computer in low power state

Window
Any files, folders or other program that we open on the computer opens in a different window. A window is a rectangular box that appears when we open different files and folders. It contains information on different matters. A window normally looks like this.

Files
A file is the collection of related data items (text, pictures or other document) that has a certain name and acts as a unit. Every file must have a name e.g. abc.doc, main.xls. A filename contains two sections. The first one is its primary name which may contain up to 255 characters and the second one is its extension (The extension name varies according to the program the file is related with), which may contain 3-4 characters. Some valid file names are ram.txt, 11.mdb, photo.psd etc.
Folder
A folder is the collection of many different files. A folder also may contain other sub folders in it. It also must necessarily have a name but unlike file it has only one segment.

Creating your own folder
 Click the right mouse button on the blank space of the desktop or any folder
 From the pop-up menu appeared select New option
 Further select the Folder option
 Give your required name to the folder
 Press enter
There you get your folder created

Opening different files and folders

Select the file or folder to be opened and press Enter
OR
Double click the left mouse button.

Changing Desktop properties
We can change different properties of the desktop (like Background, Screen Saver, Resolution, Themes etc) as per our wish.
Steps:
 Click right mouse button on the empty space of the desktop
 There you get the following dialog box
Note: Please read the instructions in the dialog box carefully to know about the available options.

Changing System Date and Time
 Click over the Date\Time displayed on the right side of the taskbar
 Choose Date and time settings.... options from the pop-up information box
 From the Date and Time dialog box appeared choose Change Date and time option.
 Windows prompts a message through a dialogue box asking permission
 Click on continue and set your required date and time
 Click on OK.
You get your date and time changed!

Renaming Files or folders
• Select the file or folder to be renamed
• Then press F2 or re-click the same file or folder.
The cursor appears inside the filename
• Delete the old filename and type required name
Then press enter. (You get your file renamed)
Deleting Files or Folders
• Select the file or folder to be deleted
• Then press DEL key or click the right mouse button and select the Delete option from the drop-down menu appeared
You get your file deleted. But the file is not permanently deleted from the computer. All the deleted files and folders are stored in the Recycle Bin. To permanently delete the files or folders we must delete them from the recycle bin too.
Copy
This option is used to temporarily store the files, folders, text or picture of any location in the memory of computer which can later be retrieved. The copied items remain unchanged in the previous location also.

Cut
This option is used to delete the files, folders, text or pictures of any location and temporarily store them in the memory of computer. Those files are not sent to the recycle bin. The cut items must immediately be pasted to the same or another location to retrieve it.

Paste
This option is used to paste the copied or cut items.

Moving Files and Folders from one location to another
We can move the files and folders of the computer in following two ways.

1. Copy.........paste
This option is used to carbon-copy different data items of the computer.
Steps
• Select the item to be moved
• Go to Edit menu or click the right mouse button
• Select Copy command
• Then go to the location where the file or folder is to be moved
• Go to edit menu or click the right mouse button
• Select Paste option

2. Cut...........paste
This option is used to actually move the data items from one location to the another.
Steps
• Select the item to be moved
• Go to Edit menu or click the right mouse button
• Select Cut command
• Then go to the location where the file or folder is to be moved
• Go to edit menu or click the right mouse button
• Select Paste option
Note: The Copy.......Paste option is used to copy the files from one location to another without removing it from the old position but the Cut.......Paste option removes the files from the previous location.

Computer System

A computer system is the combination of Input unit, Processing unit, the output unit and the Memory Unit which work in co-ordination with each other to extract a meaningful output(Information) after processing the Raw Data(Input) given by the user.

                                                  Fig: A complete Computer System

Input Unit
The input unit includes all the devices and process involved in sending input into the computer system. Different input devices like Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, light pen, microphone, etc are used in a computer system in order to send data and instructions into the computer. Some of the major Input Devices are:

Keyboard
Keyboard is a primary Input device that is used for entering different text and instructions into the computer. It is an electronic input device that contains different keys in it, by pressing on which different raw data is fed into the memory of the computer. Normally, there are two types of keyboard namely, Normal and Multimedia but according to the model they are classified into three categories:
XT (Extended Technology): having 83 Keys
AT (Advanced Technology): having 101 Keys
Enhanced Keyboard: having more than 101 keys

Mouse
Mouse has become an indivisible part of the GUI based Operating system due to its click and work Environment. It normally contains three buttons left, right and scroll. There are three types of mouse available in the market.
Mechanical Mouse(plastic or metallic ball and mechanical detection)
Opto-Mechanical Mouse (metallic ball but laser detection)
Optical Mouse (Emits laser & moves the cursor to the direction the mouse is moved)
Among these the most popular nowadays is the optical one.
Different USB and wireless mouse and keyboard are also increasingly used by many users today.
Joystick
Joystick is another important input device normally used for gaming purpose. It has been developed as an important device for computer gaming. It is also used for simulations. It contains a hand held stick which can freely be moved around to move the graphical objects and different buttons to control the movement of the object. It may or may not contain the stick. In some cases it contains more buttons instead.

Scanner
Scanners are the devices that are used to convert the analog pictures, graphics and text to digital and store it in the computer. It has been very popular for scanning different governmental and official documents to send the original like copy from one place to the other. It is also used to scan different signatures, fingerprints etc. Its main purpose is to keep photographic records of different documents

Output Unit
The output unit includes all the devices and process involved in displaying the output of  the computer system through different output devices like Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker etc. The Output Devices are divided into two categories:

Softcopy output Devices

Such devices are said Softcopy output Device which can display output but cant be easily accessible to the users to touch or feel. Users can only see or to the output temporarily on the screen through these devices. For example: Monitor, projector, speaker etc.

Monitor
Monitor is the most important softcopy output device whose structure is similar to that of a television. It is also Known as VDU (Visual Display Unit) All the information generated by the computer is displayed through the monitor. It provides visual interface for the users to work with different graphics or pictures or something else. Monitors are also classified into three categories:
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
PLASMA

Hardcopy output devices
That device whose output is printed on a paper and is accessible for the users to touch or feel is known as Hardcopy Output Device. It is usually permanent and can take just the output from one place to other. For example, Printer, Plotter, COM (Computer Output to Microfilm)

Printer
Printer is the device that is used to make a copy of different text and pictures on the paper. It is a hard copy output device as we get the output of the computer printed on a paper through Printers. Printers are also categorized into two types:
i) Impact printer
The printer that prints the text and pictures on a paper by striking a head or a needle against the paper is known as impact printer. For example Dot matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer etc.
ii) Non-Impact Printer
The printer that prints the text and pictures on the paper without having contact of any devices with the paper is known as non-impact printer. These type of printer use thermal technology (heat) to print on the paper.

Plotter
Plotters are also the hard copy output device similar to printer which is used to print only the large maps and other engineering designs.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the main computing part of a computer which is often regarded as the brain of a computer. The CPU lies at the Motherboard/PCB (Printed Circuit Board) inside the CPU casing with which all the peripherals (Monitor, Keyboard, mouse, printer, speaker, memory devices etc.) of the computer are connected. The CPU controls and co-ordinates the entire computer system. It is composed of three units:

Control Unit
The Control unit is the part of the CPU that is responsible for the execution of different instructions. It controls the flow of data and instructions within the entire Computer System.

Arithmetic and Logical Unit
The ALU is responsible for the manipulation of different Arithmetic (Mathematical) and Logical operations overtaken by the computer.

Memory Unit (Primary Memory)
Primary Memory is the workspace of the computer that holds the currently running programs and other necessary information of the computer. They are divided into two types:

i) RAM (Random Access Memory) is high speed semiconductor memory where the system files and other currently running programs are stored temporarily for performing different operations. RAM is known as a volatile memory because the data or programs stored in RAM is automatically erased when the electricity supply is cut off or the computer is turned off. Basically there are two types of RAM viz. DRAM (Dynamic RAM) and SRAM (Static RAM).
ii) ROM (Read only Memory)
ROM is a type of memory that stores the system information written into it by the manufacturer. The programs (instructions) written in ROM is known as firmware. The Data or instructions in it can neither be erased nor added.

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory includes the memory devices that are used to store a huge amount of data for future use. The data or information stored in the secondary storage devices is not lost until the devices are damaged. It is very useful for backing up critical documents and different software programs. The secondary storage devices are also known as Auxiliary storage devices. Example Hard Disk, Pen Drives, CD, DVD, Memory Card etc.
Computer Architecture

The organization of Hardware and Software in a computer system is known as Computer Architecture, i.e. a computer is composed of different Hardware and the Software Components.

                                         Fig: Basic Architecture of a Computer.

Hardware
Hardware are the physical components of a computer that we can touch or feel. All the devices connected to the computers are known as hardware. For example Motherboard, Processor, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Casing, Hard disk, pen drives etc. Hardware are the devices that prepare framework for the computer software to function properly.

Software

Software can be termed as the life of the computers. It is actually the set of instructions that controls different task of the computer and makes the computer to work. They are the guidelines for the hardware devices to perform different task. Basically there are two types of software.
A) Application Software
Application software are the programs that are written for performing some particular operation on the computer with the help of the system software and other utilities. They are the programs which actually perform the manipulative task in the computer. Any application software requires the operating system to run. Ms Word, Excel, Photoshop, Tally, Dreamweaver, Accounting software etc are the commonly used Application Software.

B) System Software
An operating system is a set of program that prepares an interface for the users to run application programs in the hardware devices. It controls and co-ordinates all the hardware components of a computer and make the application software able to run in the computer hardware. A computer may run without the application software but it is impossible for a computer to work without System Software.  There are two types of operating system. They are:
i) CUI (Character/Command User Interface)
ii) GUI (Graphical User Interface)
The operating system like Ms DOS, Linux fall under the CUI based operating system while the operating system like Windows, Red Hat Linux etc. fall under GUI based operating system.
Ms Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is one of the CUI based Operating Systems which needs different commands to function. User has to write different commands to make the computer work in this operating System. It does not support multitasking and multi processing environment.

Windows Operating System
Ms Windows is a very popular and the best Operating System available in the whole world supports any kind of computer software or hardware built so far. It provides a graphical environment to perform different operations which has made it user-friendly. Any person who doesn't know enough about the computer can also operate in the windows operating system.

Windows Vista (Black Edition 2009)
Windows Vista Ultimate Black Edition TM 2009 is one of the latest versions of Windows operating system which provides an easy and efficient method to operate on the computer. Its Graphics Quality is very high and is much secure than any other previous versions of windows. Different added features like the windows sidebar, easy searching facility, rich set of attractive desktop background and themes, many useful Gadgets are some of the important feature of windows vista. Features like speech recognition, windows narrator, easy to access, and parental control make it easier for the operators to perform different task.

                                              Fig: Desktop of Windows Vista Black Edition.

Generation Of Computers

First Generation of computers (1942 to 1954)
The first generation of computers was introduced in the year 1942. The computers in this generation were very huge in size and generated a lot of heat and noise. They used thousands of Vacuum tubes (valves) as the main electronic component. Punched cards were used as Secondary storage device. It used Machine Level Language for operating.

Second Generation (1955 to 1964)
The Second generation of the computers started from the year 1955 by the use of Transistors as main electronic component. By the replacement of 1000s of vacuum tubes by the transistors the size of the computers was decreased. They were more reliable and faster. Magnetic core memory as main memory and the magnetic tape as the secondary memory was used in this generation. High level languages were introduced for programming.

Third Generation (1964 to 1974)
The IC (Integrated circuits) chips used in this generation made the computers much faster reliable and portable. The desktop computers were introduced for the first time. Semi-conductor memory as primary and the Magnetic disk as the secondary memory were used in these computers. Use of large volume of High level languages made the computer more user friendly. Speed of the computers was measured in nanoseconds.

Fourth Generation (1975 to 1990)
The introduction of Microprocessors brought out a great revolution in the field of computer. The main development in the computers took place in this generation. The computers were highly accurate and fully reliable with great speed. Micro computers like desktop, laptop, palmtop and even smaller computers were developed in this generation. Multi processing and multiprogramming was made possible. Introduction of 4GL and AI in software to some extent were some major achievements of this Generation. Faster I\O Devices and advances and portable memory devices were also introduced.

Fifth Generation (1990 up to now)
Though the fifth generation computers have not yet come into use, the generation is said to be started from the year 1990 with the development of the Bio-chips. The computer is said to have artificial Intelligence and is supposed to use different intelligent programs. It can work with different Natural Languages like Japanese, French, English etc. The use of GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) makes the computer much faster than it ever used to be. It uses Prolog (Programming Logic) as the Operating System.

Types of Computer
The classification of computers can be studied from different vantage points. Firstly the computers are categorized into different groups and then they are further divided into different types. The following Figure illustrates the types of the computers.

Introduction to Computer with VDO

Introduction

The word computer is derived from the Latin word‘Computare’which means to calculate. i.e. the main purpose of the invention of the computer was to have mathematical and logical manipulations. A computer is an electronic device that takes raw data as input from the users, processes it, stores in different storage media if necessary and gives a meaningful output. It performs any task with very high speed and a great accuracy.

The main principle of the working of a computer is Input, Processing and Output which can be studied through the IPO cycle.

Characteristics of Computer

Nowadays Computers are increasingly being popular day by day, due to the added capabilities in the computer to perform any task easily and efficiently with high speed and accuracy. The following are some of the main characteristics of a Computer:

Speed

Computers can perform any task in very high speed unlike any other computing devices or a human. It performs any task in fractions of a second. The desktop computer so far can execute millions of instruction per second.

           

Fractions of second

            1 second                      =>        1000 millisecond

            1 millisecond               =>        1000 microsecond

            1 microsecond             =>        1000 nanosecond

            1 nanosecond              =>        1000 picosecond

Accuracy and Reliability

The result produced by a digital computer is always 100% accurate i.e. there is no any mistake in the processing of any computer system. But there arises the chance of mistake in output if the input or the instructions supplied by the user goes wrong, as computer follows the principle of GIGO (Garbage in Garbage Out). Its accuracy is its reliability.

Mass storage

A computer can store a huge amount of data in different storage media such as Hard disk, Pen drives, CDs etc, for temporary or permanent use. The unit to measure the data in a computer is bit (Binary Digit).

1digit among 0 or 1     =>        1 bit

4 bits                           =>        1 nibble

2 nibble                       =>        1 byte (8 bits)

1024 byte                    =>        1 KB (Kilobyte)

1024 KB                     =>        1 MB (Megabyte)

1024 MB                     =>        1 GB (Gigabyte)

1024 GB                     =>        1 TB (Terabyte)

Versatility

A computer is a versatile machine as it can be used in many different fields such as Schools, Hospitals, offices, Scientific Researches, Simple to Complex Accounting etc. In a sense nowadays computers are found to be used in almost all the fields that we see.

Diligence

A computer can perform multiple tasks repeatedly without any exhaustion. It never feels tired like human beings to do the works given to it.

Major Advantages of Computer

The characteristics of a computer are its advantage. People are attracted to the computer due to the richness in the characteristics. However, some of the major advantages of a Computer are:

Ø  It is cent percent accurate and reliable than any other devices invented so far.

Ø  It is much more faster than man or any other services.

Ø  It helps to do the things that is impossible for man to do. For Example, The adventurous scientific researches, Study of Space, Working with different harmful Chemicals etc.

Ø  It has been developed as an important tool for entertainment as, a large number of people seem to have attracted on the computer games and other animations.

Ø  It has reduced a lot of impossibilities from our life.

Ø  It has the capability to show us the world from any place of the world with the help of Internet. The Internet too has introduced the cheaper and faster communication throughout the world

Some Disadvantages of Computer

Ø  It has made the human beings lazy by making many of their tasks easier and faster.

Ø  Piracy of Intellectual property.

Ø  It might not be affordable by people of all class.

Ø  There have been detected enough threats from the side of computer by the development of AI (Artificial Intelligence) in the computers.

Application Areas of Computer

There might not be any fields which have been untouched by computer. However, the following are the major fields where computers are mostly used:

Ø  Banking

Ø  Commercial Enterprises

Ø  Industries

Ø  Schools and Colleges

Ø  Movie making and animation

Ø  Desktop publishing and Graphics Designing

Ø  Military Force

Ø  Communication etc.

Are You Planning to visit UAE in visit visa? Read new rule here..

Government of UAE has made tourist easier to change their visa type from visit visa to working visa. there internal ministry has aanounced that to change visa type the person should not leave UAE while before this to change visa type the person must leave the country atleast a hour . 

Internal ministrys mayer rasid sultan al khadar said that according to the rule applied in 2014 AD now people with any type of visa holder can change their visa type easily to visa which will make them eligible to leave at UAE. this will make people easy to go UAE in visit visa in search of job and settle there. 

With Simple procedure visit visa visit visa holder can change their visa to working visa after paying certain amount of money. gulf news posted in their news stating al khadir. Before this tourist arrived to UAE ad search Jobs and then they leave country and again come back to uae with another working visa. similary family visa holders were also doing same to leave at dubai with their love ones.