Saturday, February 20, 2016

Ports and Connectors




Ports and Connectors are divided into three types, they are as follows:
1)      Legacy Multifunction Port (L.M.P):
a)      Serial Ports:
9-Pin Serial Port:

This port is used to connect 9-pin serial mouse connector and 25-pin serial port can be used to connect printer, scanner, and external device. In serial communication data transfer rate is 1bit at a time with 115 Kbps speed.
a)      Parallel Ports/Printer Port:
25-pin Parallel Port:
            This port can be used to connect printer scanner and external device. In parallel communication data transfer rate is 1-byte at a time with 150 KBps speed.
1)      Standard Single-Function Port:
a)      The Keyboard Port:
Key Board Port –
-          5 Pin DIN Connector 
-          6 Pin PS/2 Port 



b)      The Mouse Port:
-          9-pin Serial Port: (Now a day’s not in use)
-          PS2/Port – Used to connect PS/2 mouse.                                                      
                                                       
c)      Video Port:
Video port can be used to connect video device like monitor, projector, etc. Basically there are two types of Video Port:
i)        VGA (Video Graphics Adaptor):- VGA port present in 15-pin with three rows. In this port, we can connect, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor.



                          
ii)      DVI (Digital Video Interface):- In this port only LCD Monitor is connected in previous time.



d)      Audio Port:
Audio Port is used to connect audio device like speaker, microphone and headphone.
i)        Green Color-  Speaker
ii)      Blue Color-  Headphone
iii)     Pink Color- Microphone

e)     Multimedia Port:
This types of port can be support both audio and video like TV card. This types of ports can be used HDMI (Higher Definition Multimedia Interface) Connector.

f)      Joystick Port/Game Port: Game Port present in 15-pin that can be used to connect joystick.
g)       Modem Port: This Port can be defined as network poet who can be used for dial-up internet through a telephone line. This port uses RJ11 Connector.
h)      Network  Interface Port:
This port is also other types of Network Port, which can use cable internet and local area Network. This port can be used RJ45 connector. (RJ- Registered Jack)

1)    Modern Multifunction Port:
a)     USB (Universal Serial Bus):

It is the modern types of port which can support 127 devices. Basically there are two types of USB, they are:
i)       USB 1.1:- 12 mbps (speed)
ii)    USB 2.0:- 480 mbps (speed)
It have two types of connector, they are:
(1) Type A Connector: - A connector which can be connected in your computer.
(2) Type B Connector: - A connector which can be connected in devices.

b)    IEEE 1394 (Institute Of Electrical And Electrical Engineers):
It is also other types of modern port, which support different 63 devices. This port is also called as FireWire port (Apple) or iLink, (Sony)
Basically there are two types of ports;
(1) IEEE 1394a- 400 mbps
(2) IEEE 1394b- 800 mbps
c)     SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Units used in Computer

0 or 1 = bit
 bit is smallest unit of information
8 bit = 1 Byte
1024 bytes = 1 Kilo Byte
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte
1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte
 
 

                                                         
 Mother Board

1.     AT Mother Board (AT-Advanced Technology)
-         Small than ATX Motherboard.
-         5-Pin DIN for key board connector.
-         Power supply connector from SMPS to Mother Board is of 12 Pin.

2.     Baby AT
-         It has5-pin DIN port for keyboard
-         It has 12-pin and 20-pin connector for SMPS

3.     ATX Mother Board (ATX – Advanced Technology Extended)
-                   PS/2 key board connector.
-                   Power supply connector from SMPS to Motherboard is of 20-Pin or 24-pin.
-                   All most all parts are built in.


34 Pin Connector

          34-pin connector can be used to connect Floppy Disk drive. Through a single 34-pin connector, we can connect 2 floppy disk drive, when we can connect floppy disk drive, that time we can use 34-pin data cable. (Flat Ribbon Cable)
         

40 Pin Connector
On Motherboard there are two 40-oin connector, which is present for Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM & DVD-RW. Through a single 40-pin connector, we can connect two devices. When, we connect that device into the motherboard, that time we can use data cable (PATA Cable)
                  

RAM Slots
It is used to fixed RAM cards. Basically there are three types of RAM slots.
i.       SIMM Slot
ii.     DIMM slot
iii.  RIMM slot

1) SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules)
·     SIMM are mostly in white color.
·     RAM's which connect SIMM slots are connected in a 45° angle.
·     They come in 2 varieties:
                             i) 72 pins – capacity 1MB – 64MB
                             ii) 30 pins – capacity 1MB – 16MB
·     EDO RAM can use 72 pin SIMM slots and this slot is not used any more.


2) DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules)
·     All latest computer use DIMM slots.
·     They have white dips which help to lock the RAM into place and they come in 2 varieties.
i.       168-pins – capacity up to 512MB
ii.     184-pins – capacity up to 1 GB
iii.  240-pins – capacity up to 2 GB
·     SDRAM uses 168-pins, DDR I uses 184-pins and DDR II uses 240-pins DIMMs slots.
MICRO DIMM: It comes in 144 pins for LAPTOP computers.
SO DIMM (Small outline DIMM):  It comes in 72 pins and 144 pins for LAPTOP computers.

NOTE: - MICRO DIMM & SO DIMM supports SDRAM & DDR SDRAM.


3) RIMM (Ram Bus Inline Memory Modules)
·     RAM's which connect to RIMM slots have special heat spreader on them for cooling.
·     It comes in 184 pins and only supports RD RAM.


CPU Socket / ZIF Socket (ZIF – Zero Insertion Force)
CPU socket on motherboard is used to mount central processing unit this select is also called ZIF. A ZIF socket contains a number on it which is asked to identify motherboard easily. According to CPU socket number, we have to find out the type of Mother Board.

Socket 4, 5, 7                                         –        Pentium I
Socket 8                                                 -        Pentium Pro
Slot 1                                                      -        Pentium II
PGA 370                                                -        Pentium III
PGA423 & PGA478 and LGA 775        -        Pentium IV and Core Processor
PGA418 & PGA611                             -        Itanium

(PGA- Pin Grid Array and LGA- Land Grid Array)

Expansion BUS (slots)

Expansion BUS
Expansion BUS is uses to extend the capability of computer through expansion BUS or expansion slots. To these expansion buses slots are connected these slots called as expansion slots.

Types of Expansion BUS
1)    Internal Expansion BUS slot
2)    External Expansion BUS slot


1)   Internal Expansion BUS slot :-

PCI (Peripheral Computer Inter Connect)
          Peripheral devices that plug in to the PCI bus include Video Adapters, Sound Card, Net Work Interface Cards, Modem, I/O Cards that add additional ports like parallel, serial or USB ports and specialized devices such as Video Capture Card, TV tuner cards and SCSI Adapter.
          Although PCI slots are on the cutting edge of PC technology, it is still going strong due to its strength, universal adoption by computer markers and due to flexibility.
          PCI sets between the front side BUS and any other expansion BUS. This means that the PCI BUS, along with any devices attached to it, easy able to work independently or with any other expansion BUS.
          PCI BUS works at the speed of 33 MHz and 66 MHz At the speed of 33 MHz we can fixed device that run at 32 bit at the speed of 66 MHz We can fixed the device which can run at 64 bit.

Self Configuration of PCI Slots
          PCI works with plug and play device and operating system to enable self configuration of system resources. (ID address, IRQ and DMA channels)
          The internal expansion slots are:-
       i.            PCI: - This slot looks like small and white colored, which is present for almost all types of card, like TV Card, Modem Card, Sound Card, Network Card etc.
     ii.            AGP: - This slot found in brown colored, which is present for, VGA Card and 3D Games Cards. It is bigger than CNR and AMR Slot.
  iii.            CNR: - This slot found in brown colored, which is present for Network card and Modem Card. It is bigger than AMR slot.
  iv.            AMR: - It is also found in brown colored, which is present for Modem and Audio card.
     v.            ISA: - This is the old type of slot, which is found in large and black colored. This slot can be used to connect all types of card in earlier time.
2) External Expansion BUS slot :-
a)     USB (Universal Serial BUS)
b)    IEEE 1394

Power Connections from SMPS to Devices
The PC’s Power supply converts high-voltage alternating current (AC), Power into the lower Voltage Direct Current (DC) Power that your motherboard and drives needs its internal fan also provides essential cooling for the PC components and drives. In United States, standard AC comes in somewhere between 110 and 120 volts, often written as ~115 V AC. Most of the rest of the world uses 220-240v AC, So, many power supplies have a little switch in the back so you can use them anywhere.

AT SMPS
-         Has 6+6=12 pin connector from SMPS to Mother board.
-         The power supply connector having written P8 & P9.
-         While connecting P8 & P9 connector from SMPS to mother board Black colors wire of P8 & P9 connector's co-inside each other.

ATX SMPS
          Comes with 20-Pin or 24-Pin single connector, i.e. P1 connector from SMPS to mother Board.

Connection From Mother Board to Hard Disk

Connection From Mother Board to CD-ROM or CD-R/W Drive


Molex Connector
Power Supply connector, used to connect from SMPS to HD is called as Molex Connector.


Mini Connector
Power Supply connector, used to connect from SMPS to Floppy Disk is called as Mini Connector.

CPU Technology

ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit):-
 ALU is the part of CPU that actually process data. An ALU takes data from the CPU register, process it, and copes it back into the register before moving on to the next batch of data.

FPU (Floating  Point Unit):-
FPU is the CPU component that handles calculation based on floating point. The floating point unit is specialized CPU component that processes graphic program & 3D game

Registers:-
Register are memory circuit locate inside this CPU that hold data before & after processing. Early Intel processors used primary 32- bit register and modern CPU use 64 & 128 bit register size.

Clock Speed
      The CPU clock speed is a measurement of how many calculations a CPU execute per second. 1 calculation/second = 1Hz (Z = Hertz), billions of calculation per second call MHz (Mega Hertz) but latest CPU measure in billions of cycle per second or GHz(Giga Hertz).
      The maximum CPU speed is determined by two things. The speed of CPU itself and the maximum speed of that motherboard is capable of handling. The CPU speed is determined by manufacture & is set at the factory. The motherboard speed is determined by onboard component called system crystal which is simply quartz crystal circuit that oscillate at a fix frequency when fed currents.
Cache Memory:
To add communication between the CPU & RAM, the special type of memory called static RAM is used this is a cache memory. Cache memory holds frequently using address location of RAM & data.
L1 – Level One Cache Memory
L2 – Level Two Cache Memory.
         

Basically there are two types of cache memory.
1.     level 1 cache ------- built into CPU (internal cache memory)
2.     level 2 cache ------- present on motherboard (external cache memory)
Some Intel processors like Intel xenon & itanium supports L3 cache memory

Clock Multiplayers
-         clock multiplayer are the mechanism the CPU use to run at an even faster speed then set the system crystal clocks.
-         All modern CPU use the clocks multiplayer so in reality, any CPU as two speed. One is Internal speed(it is actual speed of CPU & the external speed which is after clock multiplication)
North Bridge Chip
The north bridge chip is special (IC) controller circuit mounted on the motherboard that assists the CPU. The North Bridge Chip connects the CPU to system RAM
Front Side Bus
The front side Bus is the collective term for the physical pathways connecting the CPU, North Bridge Chip, & RAM. The front side bus consists of two parts one is data bus & another is address bus. Data Bus is pathway CPU access data in RAM. Address bus is a pathways that CPU uses to talks with the other devices & to access the memory location of the RAM.
 

Address space:
-         RAM is made up of millions of individuals storage circuits, similar to the cells of spread sheet table. Each stores one bit of data. CPU read data 1 byte at a time so it takes & individual cells to equal one addressable block of memory.
-         The numbers of wires on the Address Bus defines the max amount of RAM. A CPU can addresses this is called the ‘Address Space’.

64-bit Processor
     A 64-bit CPU has general purpose, floating point unit and address registers that are 64-bit wide, meaning they, can handled 64-bit wide code in one pass-twice as wide as a 32-bit processor and they can address much more memory. Both AMD and Intel currently produce 64-bit CPUs.

Multicore CPU
     CPU clock speeds hit a practical limit of roughly 4GHz around the years 2002-2003, motivating the CPU makers to find new ways to get more processing power for CPU’s. Although Intel & AMD had different opinions about 64-bit CPU’s both decided at Virtually the same time to combine two CPU’s into a single chip; creating a dual-core Architecture. Dual Core isn’t just two CPU has two execution units-two sets of pipeline but the two sets of pipeline share caches and RAM. Both AMD and Intel also produce multicore. CPU’s of four or eight cores on a Single Chip.
Pentium
Intel popular processor line as now was around for over 10 years. Intel Pentium has 64 bit data bus & 32 bit address bus. Pentium processor consumes 5 volts. Later version ran at more modem standard of 3.3 volts.
-         P4 processor supports 4 GB RAM


Thursday, February 11, 2016

Contra Voucher



Introduction Voucher:

A voucher is the primary entry of documents for recording daily transactions. Transaction recording and analysis are greatly facilitated by having specific formats for different types of transactions. Tally provides 16 different predefined voucher formats or what it calls predefined types of vouchers. These are used for recording various transactions. A payment voucher is used for all types of payments, a receipt voucher for all types of money receipts, a sales voucher for recording sales transactions, and so on.
The predefined voucher types can be displayed as follows:
Ø       Gateway of Tally
Ø       Display
Ø       List of Accounts (<Ctrl>+<V> [Voucher Types])
Classification of vouchers & their Shut Cut Keys:
1.       Journal voucher               F7
2.       Contra voucher                          F4
3.       Payment voucher             F5
4.       Receipt voucher               F6
5.       Sales voucher                   F8
6.       Purchase voucher             F9
7.      Memo voucher                  F10

Types of vouchers

Tally is pre-programmed with a variety of accounting vouchers, each designed to perform a different job. The standard vouchers are:
Ø       Payment voucher
Ø       Receipt voucher
Ø       Contra voucher
Ø       Sales voucher
Ø       Sales Orders
Ø       Sales vouchers/invoices
Ø       Delivery Notes
Ø       Rejection In
Purchase voucher
Ø       Purchase Orders
Ø       Purchase vouchers
Ø       Goods Receipt Notes
Ø       Rejection Out
 Journal voucher
Ø       Credit Notes
Ø       Debit Notes
Ø Ø      Journal
You can alter these vouchers to suit your company, and also create new ones. For example, if you wish to distinguish between cash and bank payments you can create vouchers to do this.
1. Contra Voucher:-(It is use to those transitions which contains cash/bank both Dr & Cr side )
Ø      E.g. Cash deposited in to bank Rs 20,000
Ø      Bank A/C                               20,000 Dr
Ø      To Cash A/C                          20,000 Cr
(Narration:- Being cash deposited in to Himalayan Bank Thamel)
1. Deposited in to Nepal bank in tandi Rs 30,000
2. Amount Withdraw by any purpose for private or personal or domestic use Rs 1000
3. With draw Rs 1000 from Nepal Bank for Personal Use.
4. Draw Rs 2000 From Nepal Bank for office use.
(Being amount with draw from Nepal bank for office use)
5. Last year again deposited in to Nepal Bank Rs 500 .
( Being cash deposited in to Nepal Bank)


2. Payment Voucher:-(It is use to pay amounts for different parties or expenses by cash/bank)
E.g. Salary paid for staffs Rs 12,000
 Salary A/C                            12,000 Dr,
 Cash A/C                              12,000 Cr,
(Being salary paid for staff for the month of August)


3. Receipt Voucher:- (It is use to recording amounts received from different parties. Transition in receipt voucher like this)
 E.g. Cash received from Ram trading com. Rs 10,000
 Ram trading com A/C                    10,000Cr
  Cash A/C                                   10,000 Dr,


4. Sales Voucher :-(It is use to record those transitions which is  use to record to sales on  cash/bank & all credit  sales transition are  entered in sales voucher)
 E.g. Goods sold Ram Trading com Rs 5,000
Ram Trading com A/C 5,000 Dr,
To sales A/C                      5,000 Cr,
(Narration:-Being goods sold on credit to Ram treading com.)
5. Purchase Voucher :-( It is use to record purchase of goods only for sales purpose.)
Computer purchase Rs 25,000
computer A/C                               25,000 Dr,